Friday, 3 April 2015

The Circular Flow of Income

The Circular Flow of Income is a simple economic model that describes the reciprocal circulation of income between producers and consumers.



National Output = National Income = National Expenditure

Injections: Additions to investment, government spending or exports (i.e. money that originates outside the circular flow of income) leading to a multiplied expansion of national income/output/expenditure.

Withdrawals: Increases in saving, taxes or imports (i.e. money not passed on in the circular flow of income) leading to a multiplied contraction of national income/output/expenditure.


An economy is said to be in a state of macroeconomic equilibrium when planned withdrawals equal planned injections.

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